10 Treatments for Dry Itchy Skin in Winter

Itchy skin in winter is frustrating and painful.

Topical treatments for dry itchy skin include emollients, cannabis, glycerol, urea, zinc oxide, colloidal oatmeal, and peppermint.

Treatment of itchy skin should include prevention by emollients and aim for a quick disruption of the itch-scratch cycle.

This article will discuss 10 treatments for dry itchy skin in winter:

1. Emollients for itch relief
2. Omega 3 fatty acids for itch relief
3. Cannabis for itch relief
4. Glycerol for itch relief
5. Urea for itch relief
6. Zinc oxide for itch relief
7. Colloidal oatmeal for itch relief
8. Cold exposure for itch relief
9. Peppermint and menthol for itch relief
10. Vinegar for itch relief

10 treatments for dry itchy skin in winter

There are several treatment options for dry itchy skin in winter:

1. Emollients for itch relief
2. Omega 3 fatty acids for itch relief
3. Cannabis for itch relief
4. Glycerol for itch relief
5. Urea for itch relief
6. Colloidal oatmeal for itch relief
7. Zinc oxide for itch relief
8. Cold exposure for itch relief
9. Peppermint and menthol for itch relief
10. Vinegar for itch relief

Talk to your doctor about treatments for dry itchy skin in winter.

1. Emollients for itch relief

Emollients and barrier-improving creams are the first-line therapy for the treatment of all skin barrier related itch (Pavlis et al, 2018; Moncrieff et al, 2013).

Emollients are a broad category of skincare ingredients and products.

Skincare ingredients that function as emollients include plant butters, vegetable and fruit oils, animal fats, petrolatum, mineral oil, and esters.

Products that function as emollients include moisturizers, creams, oils, serums, and balms.

An emollient is an ingredient in a moisturizer. The job of the emollient is to soften skin.

Moisturizers and oils such as virgin coconut oil, hemp seed oil, sweet almond oil and mineral oil can relieve itching due to dry skin. Furthermore, individual fatty acids such a gamma-linolenic acid can also relieve itching due to dry skin.

Learn more: Dry Itchy Skin in Winter - Emollients, Creams and Oils to Try

Dry Skin Love Nourishing Coconut 5% Vitamin C Face Oil contains organic extra virgin coconut oil that is cold-pressed and unrefined. Our coconut oil is Fair Trade and comes from a sustainable source.

Our virgin coconut oil has a strong natural coconut aroma that is rich, buttery and sweet.

2. Omega 3 fatty acids for itch relief

Omega 3 fatty acids consist of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and its two active metabolites, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).

• alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
• docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
• eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is found in green leafy vegetables, flaxseed, walnuts, soybean, and canola oils. 

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are found in fish oils, marine algae and phytoplankton that naturally produce them.

Supplemental omega 3 fatty acids have been shown to help with itching in patients with atopic dermatitis (eczema), hemodialysis and end-stage renal disease.

Learn more: Omega 3 Fatty Acids for Itch Relief from Dry Skin

3. Cannabis for itch relief

Topical cannabinoids show great promise for the treatment of itch, including difficult to treat itch.

Topical cannabinoids are of interest in skin disease because of the high safety profile and direct, local application to involved areas, and recent years have brought an assortment of cannabinoid-containing topicals specifically advertised for use on the skin, such as oils, lotions, emollients, creams, and patches (Avila et al, 2020).

Cannabinoids include:

• Phytocannabinoids derived from the Cannabis sativa plant (e.g., D(9)- tetrahydrocannabinol [THC], cannabidiol [CBD])
• Endocannabinoids (e.g., anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol [2-AG])
• Synthetic cannabinoids

(Gaoni et al, 1971; Merchoulam et al, 2014).

Human studies, although limited, have consistently shown significant reductions in both scratching and symptoms in chronic pruritus (reviewed by Avila et al, 2020).

Clinical studies have shown a reduction in pruritus (itching) in several skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, asteatotic eczema, prurigo nodularis, and allergic contact dermatitis, as well as systemic diseases, including uremic pruritus and cholestatic pruritus (Avila et al, 2020; Szepietowski et al, 2005; Yuan et al, 2014; Visse et al, 2017; Dvorak et al, 2003).

Dietary hemp seed oil for itch relief

Dietary supplementation with hemp seed oil has been shown to improve the skin barrier and significantly alleviate symptoms of eczema, including dry skin and itchiness (Callaway et al, 2005. 

Hemp seed oil is obtained by pressing hemp seeds from the hemp plant and extracting the oil. 

Cold-pressed, unrefined hemp seed oil is a vibrant green color, with a nutty flavor. 

Hemp seed oil should not be confused with hash oil or cannabis oil, which also comes from the cannabis plant, and contain psychoactive cannabinoids THC and/or CBD.

Because hemp seed oil is derived from the seeds of hemp plants, rather than the stalks and leaves, it contains only trace amounts of cannabinoids. 

Hemp seed oil has a long history of safe and effective use.

Learn more: 5 Benefits of Hemp Oil for Skin - Soften and Strengthen Your Skin Barrier

More research is required to develop treatment regimens and indications for treating itchy skin with cannabinoids.

4. Glycerol for itch relief

Glycerol is also known as glycerin.

The beneficial effects of glycerol on the skin have been recognized for over 75 years, and glycerol has been widely used as an ingredient of skincare formulations for its moisturizing and smoothing effects (Fluhr et al, 2008). 

Glycerol is made by your skin, and endogenous glycerol plays a role in skin hydration, cutaneous elasticity and epidermal barrier repair (Fluhr et al, 2008).

Interestingly, glycerol is decreased in the stratum corneum of patients with uremic xerosis, and a decrease in glycerol is correlated to an increase in severity of itching and skin barrier alteration (Yosipovitch et al, 2007).

Topically applied glycerol is known to increase stratum corneum hydration, improve epidermal barrier function and decrease clinical signs of inflammation (Breternitz et al, 2008). 

Topically applied glycerol has a rapid hydrating and smoothing effect that can be achieved at concentrations ranging from 10 to 15% (Loden et al, 2000).

In patients with uremic xerosis, treatment with a skin protective product combining 15% glycerol and 10% paraffin was associated with a substantial improvement of the uremic pruritus and quality of life (Balaskas et al, 2011).

5. Urea for dry itchy skin

Urea is a hygroscopic molecule, meaning it can attract and hold onto moisture.

Urea is naturally present on the skin as a component of the complex mixture of natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) that contributes to skin hydration (Verzi et al, 2020; Lacarrubba et al, 2020).

In particular, at low concentrations (2–12%), urea acts as an emollient (filling the gaps between desquamating corneocytes thus contrasting dehydration) and a humectant (attracting water from dermis into epidermis and also from the external environment in humid conditions) (Micali et al, 2020; Friedman et al, 2016).

Moreover, some studies suggest that urea may regulate filaggrin gene expression necessary for proper barrier function maintenance (Friedman et al, 2016; Benintende et al, 2017; Danby et al, 2016). 

Based on these properties, urea has been topically used for the treatment and prevention of senile xerosis or xerosis associated with skin diseases such as ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, at concentrations ranging from 2 to 12% in different formulations (Lacarrubba et al, 2020; Pan et al, 2013; Micali et al, 2018).

Clinical studies have demonstrated that urea‐based topical formulations restore the stratum corneum ability to attract and maintain hydration (Benintende et al, 2017).

6. Zinc oxide for itch relief

Zinc has been used as a skin treatment for centuries.

Topical preparations like zinc oxide, calamine lotion, or zinc pyrithione are used as soothing agents and anti-itch relief (Gupta et al, 2014).

Zinc oxide paste and zinc sulphate are effective in diaper dermatitis and hand eczemas (Baldwin et al, 2001; Faghihi et al, 2008).

Topical zinc oxide is available in various concentrations - from 10% to 40%, and in a variety of forms including creams, ointments, pastes, powders and sprays.

Zinc oxide creams are generally safe for long term use.

Learn more: Zinc Oxide for Itch Relief 

 

7. Colloidal oatmeal for itch relief

Oatmeal (Avena sativa) has been used for centuries as a soothing agent to relieve itch and irritation associated with various skin diseases. 

Colloidal oatmeal is a natural product that is derived from the whole dehulled grain. Colloidal oatmeal is made by grinding oat grain into a very fine powder.

Colloidal oatmeal is so finely ground, that you don't feel any grittiness when it is added to skincare products. It feels smooth and comforting on your skin.

Colloidal oatmeal contains various active compounds that have moisturizing, protective, soothing, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, including avenanthramides and beta-glucans (Fowler et al, 2012; Pazyar et al, 2012).

Colloidal oatmeal is well tolerated in children and adults for short-term and long-term use for itch relief (Cerio et al, 2010; Fowler et al, 2012).

Colloidal oatmeal suspensions are available in many different products, including bath soaps, shampoos, shaving gels, and moisturizing creams.

Colloidal oatmeal can also be mixed into bathwater.  

Learn more: Dry Itchy Skin in Winter - Colloidal Oatmeal for Itch Relief

8. Cold exposure for itch relief

Topical cooling is a frequently used remedy for itch. Cooling the skin by application of ice, gel packs, cool compresses, or cold water can temporarily reduce itch in patients affected by atopic dermatitis, contact urticarial, or psoriasis (Fruhstorfer et al, 1986).

Cooling is an effective temporary remedy for itch, and can bring welcome relief to itchy insect bites, nettle stings, poison ivy, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis (Liu et al, 2018).

In a nursing home, elderly people with senile pruritus reported that that a cold compress and/or cold showers could relieve the itch (Dyhre-Petersen et al, 2019).

Senile pruritus is defined as chronic itch of unknown origin in individuals of old age. In this context, the word ‘senile’ refers to ‘one of old age’. No international agreement exists regarding an age limit for being categorized as one of old age, though commonly the limit is set to ≥60 years or ≥65 years (Clerc et al, 2017).

Although many patients report that cold showers reduce itch, no scientific studies have been performed to confirm this observation (Weisshaar et al, 2019).

9. Peppermint and menthol for itch relief

Peppermint essential oil (Mentha arvensis) and menthol can be used topically to relieve itchy skin.

Peppermint essential oil naturally contains high amounts of l-menthol, an organic compound with local anesthetic properties that provides a cooling sensation, while it naturally alleviates skin irritation, itch and pain (Zhao et al, 2022; Li et al, 2022).

Menthol triggers a cooling sensation through receptor TRPM8 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8), which is found throughout the skin.

Low to moderate concentrations of menthol activate TRPM8 in the primary nociceptors, generating a cooling sensation, whereas menthol at higher concentration could induce pain - cold allodynia, and cold hyperalgesia mediated by TRPM8 sensitization (Li et al, 2022).

Patients with pruritus of hepatic, renal, and diabetic origin were treated with 5% peppermint oil in petrolatum for 2 weeks and had significant improvement of itching. The topical treatment of chronic pruritus with peppermint oil was found to be effective, easy to use, safe, cheap, and had a favorable odor (Elsaie et al, 2016).

Pregnant women with pruritus gravidarum were treated with 0.5% peppermint oil in sesame seed oil twice a day for 2 weeks and had a significant improvement in severity of itching (Akhavan et al, 2012).

Application of a 3% menthol-containing moisturizing cream was safe in healthy individuals and participants with dermatitis. In the latter, itch scores were significantly reduced during follow-up (Tey et al, 2017).

Peppermint oil is generally recognized as safe (Food and Drug Administration, 2014).

Always dilute peppermint oil before use and start with low doses - such as 0.5% peppermint oil in a carrier oil.

High doses of peppermint oil can be irritating and cause pain.

Dry Skin Love Peppermint Pre-Shampoo Scalp Oil is a luxurious scalp oil made with premium ingredients, including organic peppermint oil, virgin coconut oil and cucumber seed oil.

Cools and soothes your dry scalp.

12. Vinegar for itch relief

Vinegar can be used topically to treat itchy skin.

The use of vinegar in the treatment of skin disease and wound management dates back to Hippocrates (Elhage et al, 2021).

In preliminary studies, vinegar has been reported to be useful for the treatment of itch or pruritus (Long et al, 1985; Oh et al, 1998; Delavar et al, 1996; Lee et al, 2011; Nakhaee et al, 2015).

Vinegar has been shown to be safe and effective in treating uremic pruritus. A 5% white vinegar solution applied to itchy areas two times a day for two weeks significantly decreased all dimensions of pruritus (Nakhaee et al, 2015).

It is thought that by maintaining the acidic pH of the skin surface, vinegar helps to preserve skin barrier function and reduces skin irritation (Yosipovitch et al, 2008).

However, use vinegar with caution if you have eczema.

The application of 0.5% apple cider vinegar soak increased transepidermal water loss in patients with eczema, although it decreased skin pH.

Unfortunately, the beneficial acidification of the skin did not last more than 60 minutes, and the majority of eczema patients suffered skin irritation after the vinegar application (Luu et al, 2019).

While generally safe, inappropriate use of vinegar can result in damage to the skin. Avoid using vinegar full strength - only use diluted vinegar.

Summary

Dry itchy skin is common during the cold winter months.

Dry itchy skin can be complex, and difficult to treat.

How to treat dry itchy skin in winter?

• Protect your moisture barrier:
• Drink water
• Use a humidifier
• Use a moisturizer with humectants
• Try 10 - 15% glycerol for itch relief
• Try 5 - 10% urea for itch relief
• Protect your lipid barrier:
• Emollients for barrier repair and itch relief
• Supplement with omega 3 fatty acids
• 1200 mg/d EPA + DHA to 18 000 mg/d EPA + DHA
• Try topical cannabis for itch relief
• Protect your acid mantle:
• Avoid high pH soaps
• Choose a gentle cleanser
• Try 0.5 - 5% vinegar for itch relief

Certain treatments for itch are soothing and can be used as often as desired.

For instance, emollients, moisturizers, topical fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, zinc oxide creams, colloidal oatmeal and cannabis can help sooth irritation and itch.

Things to try for soothing itch relief:

• Moisturizers
• Carrier oils and fatty acids
• Try 1 - 5% colloidal oatmeal
• Try 10% zinc oxide or calamine lotion
• Try topical cannabis

Other treatments for itch should be used sparingly or as spot treatments.

Cold exposure, peppermint, menthol, and vinegar can be irritating and damage your skin barrier if overused, or in the wrong dose.

Be careful, and always dilute menthol and peppermint essential oil. Do not use full strength essential oils on your skin.

Things to try for quick itch relief:

• Cold exposure - cold water, cold compress, ice cube on itchy area
•  0.5 - 5% peppermint oil in a carrier oil or moisturizer
• 0.5 - 5% vinegar

No treatment can claim consistent or complete efficacy, and often a combination of treatments is required to control itch.

Some people with itchy skin may require medications to control symptoms, including antimicrobial agents, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory agents, immunotherapy, biologicals, phototherapy and others.

If you have dry itchy skin, you may require a dermatologist’s help, and they can prescribe medications to help with itching, redness and pain.

 

References

Afrasiabifar, A., Mehri, Z., & Hosseini, N. (2017). Efficacy of topical application of sweet almond oil on reducing uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients: A randomized clinical trial study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 19(2), e34695.

Akhavan Amjadi M, Mojab F, Kamranpour SB. The effect of peppermint oil on symptomatic treatment of pruritus in pregnant women. Iran J Pharm Res. 2012 Fall;11(4):1073-7. 

Ali SM, Yosipovitch G. Skin pH: from basic science to basic skin care. Acta Derm Venereol 2013; 93: 261–267. 

Ansari, M.N.; Nicolaides, N.; Fu, H.C. Fatty acid composition of the living layer and stratum corneum lipids of human sole skin epidermis. Lipids 1970, 5, 838–845. 

Avila C, Massick S, Kaffenberger BH, Kwatra SG, Bechtel M. Cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pruritus: A review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 May;82(5):1205-1212.

Balaskas E, Szepietowski JC, Bessis D, Ioannides D, Ponticelli C, Ghienne C, Taberly A, Dupuy P. Randomized, double-blind study with glycerol and paraffin in uremic xerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Apr;6(4):748-52.

Baldwin S, Odio MR, Haines SL, O'Connor RJ, Englehart JS, Lane AT. Skin benefits from continuous topical administration of a zinc oxide/petrolatum formulation by a novel disposable diaper. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2001;15(supplement 1):5–11.

Benintende C, Boscaglia S, Dinotta F, Lacarrubba F, Micali G. Treatment of ichthyosis vulgaris with a urea‐based emulsion: videodermatoscopy and confocal microscopy evaluation. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2017;152(6):555‐559.

Breternitz M, Kowatzki D, Langenauer M, Elsner P, Fluhr JW. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, prospective study of a glycerol-based emollient on eczematous skin in atopic dermatitis: biophysical and clinical evaluation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2008;21(1):39-45.

Brown A, Butcher M. A guide to emollient therapy. Nurs Stand. 2005 Feb 23-Mar 1;19(24):68, 70, 72 passim.

Callaway, et al. Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2005 Apr;16(2):87-94.

Caspers PJ, Lucassen GW, Carter EA et al. In vivo confocal Raman microspectroscopy of the skin: noninvasive determination of molecular concentration profiles. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:434– 42.

Caspers PJ, Lucassen GW, Puppels GJ. Combined in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy and confocal microscopy of human skin. Biophys J 2003 July; 85: 572-80.

Caterina MJ. TRP channel cannabinoid receptors in skin sensation, homeostasis, and inflammation. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2014;5(11):1107-1116.

Celleno L. Topical urea in skincare: a review. Dermatol Ther. 2018;31(6):e12690. 

Cerio R, Dohil M, Jeanine D, Magina S, Mahé E, Stratigos AJ. Mechanism of action and clinical benefits of colloidal oatmeal for dermatologic practice. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010 Sep;9(9):1116-20.  

Chen YC, Chiu WT, Wu MS. Therapeutic effect of topical gamma-linolenic acid on refractory uremic pruritus. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006 Jul;48(1):69-76.

Clerc CJ, Misery L. A literature review of senile pruritus: from diagnosis to treatment. Acta Derm. Venereol. 97(4), 433–440 (2017).

Dall'Oglio F, Tedeschi A, Verzì AE, Lacarrubba F, Micali G. Clinical evidences of urea at medium concentration. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(Suppl 187):e13815.

Danby SG, Brown K, Higgs‐Bayliss T, Chittock J, Albenali L, Cork MJ. The effect of an emollient containing Urea, Ceramide NP, and lactate on skin barrier structure and function in older people with dry skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2016;29(3):135‐147.

Delavar MA. The effect of thick salt-water sitz bath with diluted vinegar-water sitz bath in treatment of Trichomonas vaginitis. Sign. 1996;53:70.

Denda M, Sato J, Tsuchiya T, Elias PM, Feingold KR (1998) Low humidity stimulates epidermal DNA synthesis and amplifies the hyperproliferative response to barrier disruption: implication for seasonal exacerbations of inflammatory dermatoses. J Invest Dermatol 111: 873-878.

Diluvio L, Dattola A, Cannizzaro MV, Franceschini C, Bianchi L. Clinical and confocal evaluation of avenanthramides-based daily cleansing and emollient cream in pediatric population affected by atopic dermatitis and xerosis. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2019 Feb;154(1):32-36. 

Draelos ZD. The science behind skin care: cleansers. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018 Feb;17(1):8-14.

Dvorak M, Watkinson A, McGlone F, Rukwied R. Histamine induced responses are attenuated by a cannabinoid receptor agonist in human skin. Inflamm Res. 2003;52(6):238-245.

Dyhre-Petersen N, Gazerani P. Presence and characteristics of senile pruritus among Danish elderly living in nursing homes. Future Sci OA. 2019 Jun 24;5(6):FSO399. 

Elhage KG, St Claire K, Daveluy S. Acetic acid and the skin: a review of vinegar in dermatology. Int J Dermatol. 2022 Jul;61(7):804-811.

Elsaie LT, El Mohsen AM, Ibrahim IM, Mohey-Eddin MH, Elsaie ML. Effectiveness of topical peppermint oil on symptomatic treatment of chronic pruritus. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2016 Oct 11;9:333-338.

Engebretsen KA, Johansen JD, Kezic S, Linneberg A, Thyssen JP. The effect of environmental humidity and temperature on skin barrier function and dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016 Feb;30(2):223-49.

Evers AW, Kleinpenning MM, Smits T, Boezeman J, van de Kerkhof PC, Kraaimaat FW, et al.. Itch and scratching as predictors of time to clearance of psoriasis with narrow-band ultraviolet B therapy. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161: 542–546.

Faghihi G, Iraji F, Shahingohar A, Saidat AH. The efficacy of “0.05% Clobetasol + 2.5% zinc sulphate” cream versus “0.05% Clobetasol alone” cream in the treatment of the chronic hand eczema: a double-blind study. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2008;22(5):531–536.

Fluhr JW, Darlenski R, Surber C. Glycerol and the skin: holistic approach to its origin and functions. Br J Dermatol. 2008.

Friedman AJ, von Grote EC, Meckfessel MH. Urea: a clinically oriented overview from bench to bedside. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(5):633‐639.

Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Vol. 3. Silver Spring, MD: Food and Drug Administration; 2014. Part 182. Subpart A Sec 182.20.

Fowler JF, Nebus J, Wallo W, Eichenfield LF. Colloidal oatmeal formulations as adjunct treatments in atopic dermatitis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11:804-7.

Gaoni Y, Mechoulam R. The isolation and structure of D-tetrahydrocannabinol and other neutral cannabinoids from hashish. J Am Chem Soc. 1971;93(1):217-224.

Gfatter R, Hackl P, Braun F. Effects of soap and detergents on skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration and fat content in infants. Dermatology 1997; 195: 258–262.

Gupta M, Mahajan VK, Mehta KS, Chauhan PS. Zinc therapy in dermatology: a review. Dermatol Res Pract. 2014;2014:709152.

Ikoma A (2013) Updated neurophysiology of itch. Biol Pharm Bull 36: 1235-1240.

Ishiuji Y, Coghill RC, Patel TS, Dawn A, Fountain J, Oshiro Y, Yosipovitch G. Repetitive scratching and noxious heat do not inhibit histamine-induced itch in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Jan;158(1):78-83.

Jeong SK, Park HJ, Park BD, Kim IH. Effectiveness of topical chia seed oil on pruritus of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and healthy volunteers. Ann Dermatol. 2010;22:143–8. 

Kamo, A., Tominaga, M., Kamata, Y., & Takamori, K. (2017). Mechanisms and treatments of dry skin-induced itch. J Clin Cosmet Dermatol, 1(3).

Kamo A, Tominaga M, Negi O, Tengara S, Ogawa H, et al. (2011) Topical application of emollients prevents dry skin-inducible intraepidermal nerve growth in acetone-treated mice. J Dermatol Sci 62: 64-66.

Karadag E, Kilic SP, Karatay G, Metin O. Effect of baby oil on pruritus, sleep quality, and quality of life in hemodialysis patients: Pretest-post-test model with control groups. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2014;11:180–9.

Koch C, Dölle S, Metzger M, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in atopic eczema: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158(4):786-792.

Kulthanan K, Tuchinda P, Nitiyarom R, Chunharas A, Chantaphakul H, Aunhachoke K, Chularojanamontri L, Rajatanavin N, Jirapongsananuruk O, Vichyanond P, Chatchatee P, Sangsupawanich P, Wananukul S, Singalavanija S, Trakanwittayarak S, Rerkpattanapipat T, Thongngarm T, Wisuthsarewong W, Limpongsanurak W, Kamchaisatian W, Noppakun N. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atopic dermatitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2021 Sep;39(3):145-155. doi: 10.12932/AP-010221-1050. PMID: 34246205.

Kurtz ES, Wallo W. Colloidal oatmeal: history, chemistry and clinical properties. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6(2):167–170.

Lacarrubba F, Nasca MR, Puglisi DF, Micali G. Clinical evidences of urea at low concentration. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(Suppl 187):e13626. 

Landsdown ABG. Zinc in the healing wound. The Lancet. 1996;347(9003):706–707. 

Lavery MJ, Stull C, Kinney MO, Yosipovitch G. Nocturnal Pruritus: The Battle for a Peaceful Night’s Sleep. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17: 425.

Lee HJ, Jung M, Choi EH. [Effect of vinegar on oxazolone induced atopic dermatitis murine model]. Green House. 2011; 49: 197-97. Korean.

Li Z, Zhang H, Wang Y, Li Y, Li Q, Zhang L. The distinctive role of menthol in pain and analgesia: Mechanisms, practices, and advances. Front Mol Neurosci. 2022 Oct 5;15:1006908. 

Lin TC, Lai YH, Guo SE, Liu CF, Tsai JC, Guo HR, Hsu HT. Baby oil therapy for uremic pruritus in haemodialysis patients. J Clin Nurs. 2012 Jan;21(1-2):139-48. 

Lin YL, Wang CL, Liu KL, Yeh CN, Chiang TI. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Improve Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Pruritus and Inflammation. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Jun 13;58(6):796. 

Lisante TA, Nuñez C, Zhang P. Efficacy and safety of an over-the-counter 1% colloidal oatmeal cream in the management of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in children: a double-blind, randomized, active-controlled study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2017A;28(7):659-67.

Lisante TA, Nunez C, Zhang P, Mathes BM. A 1% Colloidal Oatmeal Cream Alone is Effective in Reducing Symptoms of Mild to Moderate Atopic Dermatitis: Results from Two Clinical Studies. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017B Jul 1;16(7):671-676.

Liu B, Jordt SE. Cooling the Itch via TRPM8. J Invest Dermatol. 2018 Jun;138(6):1254-1256.

Loden M (2012) Effect of moisturizers on epidermal barrier function. Clin Dermatol 30: 286-296.

Loden M, Maibach HI, Orth DS, Appa Y. Glycerine: A natural ingredient for moisturizing skin. In: Dry skin and moisturizers, edited by Loden M, Maibach HI Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2000, pp 213–228.

Long BC, Phipps WJ, editors. Essentials of medical surgical nursing: a nursing process approach. St Louis: Mosby; 1985.

Lu PH, Tai YC, Yu MC, Lin IH, Kuo KL. Western and complementary alternative medicine treatment of uremic pruritus: A literature review. Tzu Chi Med J. 2020 Dec 24;33(4):350-358.

Luu LA, Flowers RH, Kellams AL, et al. Apple cider vinegar soaks [0.5%] as a treatment for atopic dermatitis do not improve skin barrier integrity. Pediatr Dermatol 2019; 36: 634–639.

Marone G, Columbo M, de Paulis A, Cirillo R, Giugliano R, Condorelli M. Physiological concentrations of zinc inhibit the release of histamine from human basophils and lung mast cells. Agents Actions. 1986 Apr;18(1-2):103-6. 

Matheson JD, Clayton J, Muller MJ. The reduction of itch during burn wound healing. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2001;22:76-81.

Mayser P, Mayer K, Mahloudjian M, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of n-3 versus n-6 fatty acid-based lipid infusion in atopic dermatitis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2002;26(3):151-158. 

Micali G, Lacarrubba F. Optimising the use of urea in dermatology. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(Suppl 187):e13570.

Mechoulam R, Hanus LO, Pertwee R, Howlett AC. Early phytocannabinoid chemistry to endocannabinoids and beyond. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15(11):757-764.

Meduri NB, Vandergriff T, Rasmussen H, Jacobe H. Phototherapy in the management of atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2007; 23: 106–112. 

Mehri, Z., Afrasiabifar, A., & Hosseini, N. (2018). Improved Itchy Quality of Life Following Topical Application of Sweet Almond Oil in Patients with Uremic Pruritus: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care, 7.

Micali G, Paternò V, Cannarella R, Dinotta F, Lacarrubba F. Evidence‐based treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical moisturizers. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2018;153(3):396‐402. 

Michelle Garay, M., Judith Nebus, M., & Menas Kizoulis, B. (2015). Antiinflammatory activities of colloidal oatmeal (Avena sativa) contribute to the effectiveness of oats in treatment of itch associated with dry, irritated skin. J Drugs Dermatol, 14(1), 43-48.

Moniaga, C. S., Tominaga, M., & Takamori, K. (2020). Mechanisms and management of itch in dry skin. Acta dermato-venereologica, 100(2), 9-20.

Moncrieff G, Cork M, Lawton S, Kokiet S, Daly C, Clark C. Use of emollients in dry-skin conditions: consensus statement. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2013 Apr;38(3):231-8; quiz 238. 

Morales-Lázaro SL, Llorente I, Sierra-Ramírez F, López-Romero AE, Ortíz-Rentería M, Serrano-Flores B, Simon SA, Islas LD, Rosenbaum T. Inhibition of TRPV1 channels by a naturally occurring omega-9 fatty acid reduces pain and itch. Nat Commun. 2016 Oct 10;7:13092. 

Nakhaee S, Nasiri A, Waghei Y, Morshedi J. Comparison of Avena sativa, vinegar, and hydroxyzine for uremic pruritus of hemodialysis patients: a crossover randomized clinical trial. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2015 Jul;9(4):316-22.

Newton H. Using emollients to promote safe and effective skin care for patients. Nurs Stand. 2021 Oct 6;36(10):77-82.

Oh PJ. Comparison of effects between tepid sponge bath and vinegar sponge bath in reducing uremic pruritus among maintenance hemodialysis patients. Unpublished Master’s thesis; Seoul National University, Seoul. 1998.

Pan M, Heinecke G, Bernardo S, Tsui C, Levitt J. Urea: a comprehensive review of the clinical literature. Dermatol Online J. 2013;19(11):20392.

Patel T, Ishiuji Y, Yosipovitch G. Nocturnal itch: why do we itch at night? Acta Derm Venereol 2007; 87: 295–298.

Paudel D, Dhungana B, Caffe M, Krishnan P. A Review of Health-Beneficial Properties of Oats. Foods. 2021 Oct 26;10(11):2591.

Pavlis J, Yosipovitch G. Management of Itch in Atopic Dermatitis. Am J Clin Dermatol 2018; 19: 319–33.

Pazyar N, Yaghoobi R, Kazerouni A, Feily A. Oatmeal in dermatology: a brief review. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2012;78:142-5.

Peck LW, Monsen ER, Ahmad S. Effect of three sources of long-chain fatty acids on the plasma fatty acid profile, plasma prostaglandin E2 concentrations, and pruritus symptoms in hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64(2):210-214. 

Pfab F, Valet M, Sprenger T, Huss-Marp J, Athanasiadis GI, Baurecht HJ, et al. Temperature modulated histamineitch in lesional and nonlesional skin in atopic eczema - a combined psychophysical and neuroimaging study. Allergy. 2010;65(1):84-94.

Prottey C, Ferguson T. Factors which determine the skin irritation potential of soaps and detergents. J Soc Cosmetic Sci. 1975;26:29- 46.

Reynertson KA, Garay M, Nebus J, Chon S, Kaur S, Mahmood K, Kizoulis M, Southall MD. Anti-inflammatory activities of colloidal oatmeal (Avena sativa) contribute to the effectiveness of oats in treatment of itch associated with dry, irritated skin. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015 Jan;14(1):43-8. 

Rıo C, Millan E, Garcia V, Appendino G, DeMesa J, Munoz E. ~ The endocannabinoid system of the skin. A potential approach for the treatment of skin disorders. Biochem Pharmacol. 2018;157:122-133.

Rivard J, Lim HW. Ultraviolet phototherapy for pruritus. Dermatol Ther 2005; 18: 344–354.

Rycroft RJ. Low humidity and microtrauma. Am J Ind Med 1985; 8:371–3.

Savin JA. How should we define itching? J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 39(2), 268–269 (1998).

Sinawang GW, Faizah R, Alfaqih MR, Hermanto A. Efficacy of topical applications on reducing uremic pruritus: A systematic review. Jurnal Ners. 2019;14:252–5. 

Shirazian S., Aina O., Park Y., Chowdhury N., Leger K., Hou L., Miyawaki N., Mathur V.S. Chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus: Impact on quality of life and current management challenges. Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis. 2017;10:11–26.

Singh VS, Vinayadev V. Effectiveness of Baby Oil Therapy for Uremic Pruritus in Hemodialysis Patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2021 Jan-Feb;32(1):163-169. 

Sobhan M, Hojati M, Vafaie SY, Ahmadimoghaddam D, Mohammadi Y, Mehrpooya M. The Efficacy of Colloidal Oatmeal Cream 1% as Add-on Therapy in the Management of Chronic Irritant Hand Eczema: A Double-Blind Study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020 Mar 25;13:241-251.

Souyoul SA, Saussy KP, Lupo MP. Nutraceuticals: a review. Dermatol Ther. 2018;8(1):5-16. doi:10.1007/ s13555-018-0221-x

Søyland E, Funk J, Rajka G, et al. Dietary supplementation with very long-chain n-3 fatty acids in patients with atopic dermatitis. A double-blind, multicentre study. Br J Dermatol. 1994;130(6):757-764. 

Stephen R (1941) Physiology of itching. Physiol Rev 21: 357-381.

Szepietowski JC, Reich A, Szepietowski T. Emollients with endocannabinoids in the treatment of uremic pruritus: discussion of the therapeutic options. Ther Apher Dial. 2005;9(3): 277-279.

Tey HL, Tay EY, Tan WD. Safety and Antipruritic Efficacy of a Menthol-Containing Moisturizing Cream. Skinmed. 2017 Dec 1;15(6):437-439. 

Thomsen BJ, Chow EY, Sapijaszko MJ. The Potential Uses of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Dermatology: A Review. J Cutan Med Surg. 2020 Sep/Oct;24(5):481-494. 

Toyama S, Tominaga M, Takamori K. Treatment Options for Troublesome Itch. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022 Aug 19;15(8):1022. 

Verdier-Sévrain S, Bonté F. Skin hydration: a review on its molecular mechanisms. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007 Jun;6(2):75-82.

Verzì AE, Musumeci ML, Lacarrubba F, Micali G. History of urea as a dermatological agent in clinical practice. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(Suppl 187):e13621. 

Visse K, Blome C, Phan NQ, Augustin M, St€ander S. Efficacy of body lotion containing N-palmitoylethanolamine in subjects with chronic pruritus due to dry skin: a dermatocosmetic study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017;97(5):639-641.

Warner RR, Myers MC, Taylor DA. Electron probe analysis of human skin: determination of the water concentration profile. J Invest Dermatol 1988; 90: 218–24.

Weisshaar E, Szepietowski JC, Dalgard FJ, Garcovich S, Gieler U, Giménez-Arnau AM, Lambert J, Leslie T, Mettang T, Misery L, Şavk E, Streit M, Tschachler E, Wallengren J, Ständer S. European S2k Guideline on Chronic Pruritus. Acta Derm Venereol. 2019 Apr 1;99(5):469-506.

Wiegand C, Hipler UC, Boldt S, Strehle J, Wollina U. Skin-protective effects of a zinc oxide-functionalized textile and its relevance for atopic dermatitis. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 2013;6:115–121. 

Winter CC, Morel A, Sawyer JR. Nursing care of patients with urologic diseases. 4th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1977.

Wu J, Xu R, Zhan R, Luo G, Niu X, Liu Y, Lee BT, Flury M, Wong CH, Fok M, Lau JY. Effective symptomatic treatment for severe and intractable pruritus associated with severe burn-induced hypertrophic scars: A prospective, multicenter, controlled trial. Burns. 2016 Aug;42(5):1059-1066.

Yosipovitch G, Duque MI, Fast K, Dawn AG, Coghill RC. Scratching and noxious heat stimuli inhibit itch in humans: a psychophysical study. Br J Dermatol. 2007; 156(4):629- 34.

Yosipovitch G, Duque MI, Patel TS, Ishiuji Y, Guzman-Sanchez DA, Dawn AG, Freedman BI, Chan YH, Crumrine D, Elias PM: Skin barrier structure and function and their relationship to pruritus in end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22: 3268–3272, 2007.

Yosipovitch G, Hundley JL. Practical guidelines for relief of itch. Dermatol Nurs. 2004;16:325-8.

Yosipovitch G, Maibach HI. Skin surface pH: a protective acid mantle. Cosmet Toiletries 1996; 111: 101–112. 

Yosipovitch, G., Misery, L., Proksch, E., Metz, M., Ständer, S., & Schmelz, M. (2019). Skin Barrier Damage and Itch: Review of Mechanisms, Topical Management and Future Directions. Acta dermato-venereologica.

Yosipovitch G, Papoiu AD. What causes itch in atopic dermatitis? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2008;8:306-11.

Yosipovitch G, Tur E, Morduchowicz G, Boner G. Skin surface pH, moisture, and pruritus in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1993;8:1129-32.

Yuan C, Wang XM, Guichard A, et al. N-palmitoylethanolamine and N-acetylethanolamine are effective in asteatotic eczema: results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled study in 60 patients. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;17(9):1163- 1169.

Zhao H, Ren S, Yang H, Tang S, Guo C, Liu M, Tao Q, Ming T, Xu H. Peppermint essential oil: its phytochemistry, biological activity, pharmacological effect and application. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022 Oct;154:113559.

Author Information

Dr. Natasha Ryz is a scientist, skin care expert and an entrepreneur. She is the founder of Dry Skin Love Skincare, and she creates skincare products for beauty, dry skin and pain relief.

Dr. Ryz has a PhD in Experimental Medicine from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, and she is a Vanier scholar. She also holds a Master of Science degree and a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg.

Natasha is the former Chief Science Officer of Zenabis Global, and she oversaw cannabis extraction, analytics, and product development. Her team brought 20 products to market including oils, sprays, vapes and softgels.

Why I Started A Skincare Company